THE FIRST ‘AQABAH PLEDGE
We have already spoken about six Madinese who embraced Islam in the pilgrimage season in the
eleventh year of Prophethood. They promised to communicate the Message of Islam to their townsfolk.
The following year, on the occasion of the pilgrimage, there came a group of twelve disciples ready to
acknowledge Muhammad as their Prophet. The group of men comprised five of the six who had met the
Prophet (Peace be upon him) the year before, the sixth who stayed away was Jabir bin ‘Abdullah bin
Reyab, the other seven were:
1.Mu‘adh bin Al-Harith, Ibn ‘Afra, from Khazraj.
2.Dhakwan bin ‘Abd Al-Qais, from Khazraj.
3.
‘
Ubadah bin As-Samit, from Khazraj.
4.Yazeed bin Tha‘labah, from Khazraj.
5. ‘Al-‘Abbas bin ‘Ubadah bin Nadalah, from Khazraj.
6.Abul Haitham bin At-Taihan, from Aws.
7.
‘
Uwaim bin Sa‘idah, from Aws.
They avowed their faith in Muhammad (Peace be upon him) as a Prophet and swore: “We will not
worship any one but one Allah; we will not steal; neither will we commit adultery, nor kill our children;
we will not utter slander, intentionally forging falsehood and we will not disobey you in any just
matter.” When they had taken the pledge, Muhammad (Peace be upon him) said: “He who carries it
out, Allâh will reward him; and who neglects anything and is afflicted in this world, it may prove
redemption for him in the Hereafter; and if the sin remains hidden from the eyes of the men and no
grief comes to him, then his affair is with Allâh. He may forgive him or He may not.”
THE MUSLIM ENVOY IN MADINAH:
After the Pledge (in the form of an oath had been taken) the Prophet (Peace be upon him) sent to
Yathrib (Madinah) Mus‘ab bin ‘Umair Al-‘Abdari, (May Allah be pleased with him) the first Muslim
‘
ambassador’ to teach the people there the doctrines of Islam, give them practical guidance and make
attempts at propagating the Islam among those who still professed polytheism. As‘ad bin Zurarah
hosted him in Madinah. So prepared was the ground, and so zealous the propagation that the Islam
spread rapidly from house to house and from tribe to tribe. There were various cheerful and promising
aspects of success that characterized Mus‘ab’s task. One day Mus‘ab and As‘ad were on their way to the
habitations of Bani ‘Abd Al-Ashhal and Bani Zafar, when they went into the premises of the latter clan.
There they sat near a well conversing with some new converts. Sa‘d bin Mu‘adh and Usaid bin Hudair,
chiefs of the two clans heard of this meeting, so Usaid approached the Muslims armed with his lance
while the other Sa‘d excused himself on grounds that As‘ad was his maternal cousin. Usaid came closer
cursing and swearing and accused the two men of befooling people weak of heart, and ordered that
they stop it altogether. Mus‘ab calmly invited him to sit saying, “If you are pleased with our talk, you
can accept it; should you hold it in abhorrence, you could freely immunize yourself against what you
hate.” “That’s fair,” said Usaid, pierced his lance in the sand, listened to Mus‘ab and then heard some
verses of the Noble Qur’ân. His face bespoke satisfaction and pleasure before uttering any words of
approval. He asked the two men about the procedures pertinent to embracing Islam. They asked him to
observe washing, purge his garment, bear witness to the Truth and then perform two Rak‘a. He
responded and did exactly what he was asked to do, and then said there was a man (Sa‘d bin Mu‘adh)
whose people would never hang back if he followed the Islam. He then left to see Sa‘d and his people.
Sa‘d could immediately understand that Usaid had changed. To a question posed by Sa‘d, Usaid said
that two men were ready to comply with whatever orders they received. He then managed a certain
situation that provided the two men with a chance to talk with Sa‘d privately. The previous scene with
Usaid recurred and Sa‘d embraced Islam, and directly turned to his people swearing that he would
never talk with them until they had believed in Allâh, and in His Messenger. Hardly did the evening of
that day arrive when all the men and women of that sept of Arabians embraced Islam with the exception of one, Al-Usairim, who hung back until the Day of Uhud. On that day he embraced Islam and
fought the polytheists but was eventually killed before observing any prostration in the way of prayer.
The Prophet (Peace be upon him) commented saying: “He has done a little but his reward is great.”
Mus‘ab stayed in Madinah carrying out his mission diligently and successfully until all the houses of AlAnsar
(the
future
Helpers)
had
Muslims
elements,
men
and
women.
One
family
only
stood
obdurate
to
the
Islamic
Da‘wah
(Call).
They
were
under
the
influence
of
the
poet
Qais
bin
Al-Aslat,
who
managed
to
hold
them
at
bay
and
screen
off
the
Call
of
Islam
from
their
ears
until
the
year
5
A.H.
Shortly before the approach of the following pilgrimage season, i.e. the thirteenth year of Prophethood,
Mus‘ab bin ‘Umair returned to Makkah carrying to the Prophet (Peace be upon him) glad tidings about
the new fertile soil ofIslam in Madinah, and its environment rich in the prospects of good, and the
power and immunity that that city was bound to provide to the cause of Islam.
THE SECOND
‘AQABAH PLEDGE
The next year, thirteenth of Prophethood, June 622 A.D., during the pilgrimage season, over seventy
converts from Madinah came in the trail of their polytheist people to perform the rituals of pilgrimage in
Makkah. The oft-repeated question amongst them was “Isn’t it high time we protect Muhammad
instead of leaving him forsaken, deserted and stumbling in the hillocks of Makkah?”
Shortly after arrival, they conducted clandestine contacts with the Prophet (Peace be upon him) and
agreed to meet him secretly at night in mid Tashreeq Days (the 11th, 12th and 13th days of Dhul Hijja)
in a hillock at Al-‘Aqabah, the last year’s meeting place.
One of the leaders of the Ansâr (Helpers), Ka‘b bin Malik Al-Ansari (May Allah be pleased with him),
gave an account of the historic meeting which changed the whole course of the struggle between Islam
and paganism, he said:
We set out for pilgrimage and struck a rendezvous in mid Tashreeq Days. We were accompanied by a
celebrity and a notable of ours called ‘Abdullah bin ‘Amr bin Haram, who was still a polytheist. We
disclosed to him our intention of meeting Muhammad (Peace be upon him) and exhorted him to join our
ranks and give up polytheism lest he should serve as wood for Hell in the Hereafter. He promptly
embraced Islam and witnessed the serious meeting at Al-‘Aqabah.
That very night we slept with our people in our camps. After a third of the night had elapsed, we began
to leave stealthily and met in a hillock nearby. We were seventy three men and two women Nusaibah
bint Ka‘b from the Najjars and Asma’ bint ‘Amr from Bani Salamah. We waited for the Messenger of
Allâh (Peace be upon him) until he came in the company of his uncle Al‘Abbas bin‘Abdul Muttalib who
(though himself not a Muslim), adjourned us to draw his nephew away from the protection of his own
kindred unless we were fully prepared to defend him even at the risk of our lives. He was the first to
speak:
“O you people of the Khazraj — the Arabs used to call the Ansâr (Helpers) Khazraj, whether from
Khazraj or Aws — you all know the position that Muhammad holds among us. We have protected him
from our people as much as we could. He is honoured and respected among his people. He refuses to
join any party except you. So if you think you can carry out what you promise while inviting him to your
town, and if you can defend him against the enemies, then assume the burden that you have taken.
But if you are going to surrender him and betray him after having taken him away with you, you had
better leave him now because he is respected and well defended in his own place.”
Ka‘b replied: “We have heard your words, and now O Messenger of Allâh, it is for you to speak and take
from us any pledge that you want regarding your Lord and yourself.”
It was a definite stance showing full determination, courage and deep faith to shoulder the daunting responsibility and bear its serious consequences.
The Messenger of Allâh then preached the Faith, and the pledge was taken. Al-Imam Ahmad, on the
authority of Jabir, gave the following details:
The Ansâr (Helpers) asked the Messenger of Allâh about the principles over which they would take a
pledge. The Prophet answered:
1.To listen and obey in all sets of circumstances.
2.To spend in plenty as well as in scarcity.
3.To enjoin good and forbid evil.
4.In Allâh’s service, you will fear the censure of none.
5.To defend me in case I seek your help, and debar me from anything you debar yourself, your
spouses and children from. And if you observe those precepts, Paradise is in store for you.
In another version narrated by Ka‘b, he said:
The Prophet (Peace be upon him) began to speak, recited some Qur’ânic verses, called people unto
Allâh, exhorted them to enter the fold of Islam and concluded saying: “I give you my pledge that you
debar me from whatever you debar your women and children from.” Here Al-Bara’ bin Ma‘rur, caught
him by hand, and said: “Oh yes, we swear by Allâh, Who sent you as a Prophet in Truth, that we will
debar you from whatever we debar our women from. Have confidence in us, O Messenger of Allâh. By
Allâh, we are genuine fighters and quite reliable in war, it is a trait passed down to us from our
ancestors.”
Then ‘Abul Haitham At-Taihan interrupted and said: “O Prophet of Allâh! Between us and the Jews,
there are agreements which we would then sever. If Allâh grants you power and victory, should we
expect that you would not leave us, and join the ranks of your people (meaning Quraish)?” The Prophet
(Peace be upon him) smiled and replied:
l “
Nay, it would never be; your blood will be my blood. In life and death I will be with you and you
with me. I will fight whom you fight and I will make peace with those with whom you make
peace.”
After the negotiations concerning the conditions of allegiance had ended, and all of the audience were
unanimously agreed to ratify it, two men of the early generation of converts who had embraced Islam
in the eleventh and twelfth years rose to their feet to apprise the others of the serious step they were
about to take so that they could give their pledge fully aware of the whole affair and consequently be
ready for the sacrifice they were expected to make. Al ‘Abbas bin Ubada bin Nadlah, in this context,
remarked: “O you people of Khazraj! Do you know the significance of the pact that you are entering
into with this man? You are in fact avowing that you will fight against all and sundry. If you fear that
your property will be at stake or the lives of your nobles will be endangered, then leave him now,
because if you do this after the pledge, it will be degrading for you both in this world and the world to
come. But if you think that you can carry out what you are called upon to do in spite of the loss of
precious lives and property, then undertake this heavy responsibility, and I swear by Allâh, that herein
lies the good of this world and that of the next.”
They replied, “We have already considered the loss of property and the murder of our notables, yet we
pay him allegiance. But what is our reward if we observe all the items of this pact?” The Prophet
replied: “Paradise is in store for you.” Then they asked him to stretch out his hand, and they all
stretched out their hands and took the pledge. Only at that time did As‘ad bin Zurarah come to realize
the people’s readiness for sacrifice in the cause of Allâh.
On the authority of Jabir, who said: “When we started to pay allegiance to the Prophet (Peace be upon
him) , As‘ad bin Zurarah stood up and gave the following short address: “Take it easy people of Yathrib!
We have not covered that long distance except because we have had deep belief that he (Muhammad (Peace be upon him) ) is the Messenger of Allâh. We are already convinced that following him entails
departure from the pagan Arabs even if it were at the risk of our life. Should you preserve in this
course, holdfast to it, and your great reward is placed in the Hand of Allâh, but if you are caught in
fear, I admonish you to give it up just now, and then you would be more excusable by Allâh.”
With respect to the two women, the pledge was taken orally for the Prophet (Peace be upon him) had
never shaken hands with a strange lady.
The Prophet (Peace be upon him) then asked the group to appoint twelve deputies to preach Islam to
their people in Madinah, to shoulder the responsibility of implementing the articles of this pledge and to
guide the respective men of their own tribes in matters relating to the propagation of Islam. The
deputies elected were nine from Al-Khazraj: As‘ad bin Zurarah bin ‘Ads, Sa‘d bin Ar-Rabi‘ bin ‘Amr,
‘Abdullah bin Rawahah bin Tha‘labah, Rafi‘ bin Malik bin Al-‘Ajlan, Al-Bara’ bin Ma‘rur bin Sakhr,
‘Abdullah bin ‘Amr bin Haram, ‘Ubadah bin As-Samit bin Qais, Sa‘d bin ‘Ubadah bin Dulaim and Al-
Mundhir bin ‘Amr bin Khunais. Three others were from Al-Aws: Usaid bin Hudair bin Sammak, Sa‘d bin
Khaithamah bin Al-Harith and Rifa‘a bin ‘Abdul Mundhir bin Zubair. Once again, those twelvemen were
sworn to act as surety over the affairs of their people just as the Christ’s disciples did, and the Prophet
would act as surety over his people, meaning all the Muslims.
Somehow or other, the news of these secret desert meetings with the Madinese leaked out. The
Prophet immediately knew that it was a certain pudgy ugly devil, inhabited in Al‘
Aqabah,
who
discovered their meeting, and he threatened to settle his account with him as soon as possible.
On hearing this, Al‘
Abbas
bin
Nadlah
said
“By
Allâh,
Who
has
sent
you
in
Truth,
we
are
powerful
enough
to
put
the
people
of
Mina
(the
Quraishites)
to
our
swords
tomorrow,
if
you
desire.”
The
Prophet
(Peace be upon him) said “We have not been commanded to follow that course. Now, back to your
camps.” They went back to sleep till morning.
No sooner did Quraish hear of this treaty than a kind of trouble-provoking tumult began to mushroom
in all directions. They realized quite fully that an allegiance of this sort is bound to produce far-reaching
ramifications of direct impact on their lives and wealth. The following day, a large delegation comprising
the leaders and arch-criminals of Makkah set out for the camp of the Madinese to protest severely
against the treaty. They addressed the Madinese: “O people of Khazraj, it transpired to us that you
have come here to conclude a treaty with this man (Muhammad) and evacuate him out of Makkah. By
Allâh, we do really hold in abhorrence any sort of fight between you and us.”
The Madinese polytheists having known nothing about the secretly taken pledge, began to swear by
Allâh and answered in good faith that there was no truth in the report. ‘Abdullah bin Ubai bin Salul, a
Madinese polytheist, refuted their allegations denouncing them as null and void, claiming that his
people would never initiate anything unless he gave them clear orders.
The Medinese Muslims, however, remained silent neither negating nor confirming. The Quraishi
leaders seemed to be almost convinced by the arguments presented by the polytheists, and went back
home frustrated. However, they did not fully acquiesce in the words they heard. They began to
scrutinize the smallest details, and trace the minutest news till it was established beyond a shadow of
doubt that the pact did take place, but that was after the Madinese pilgrims had left Makkah. In a fit of
rage, they pursued the pilgrims but did not succeed in catching hold of anyone except Sa‘d bin ‘Ubadah.
They subjected him to unspeakable tortures, but he was later rescued by Al-Mut‘im bin ‘Adi and Harith
bin Harb bin Omaiya with whom he had trade relations.
That is the story of the Second ‘Aqabah Pledge, later known as the Great ‘Aqabah Pledge, effected in an
atmosphere of love, allegiance and mutual support between Medinese believers and weak Makkan
Muslims. This new spirit of affection, rapport and cooperation could never be attributable to a fleeing
whim, on the contrary, it totally derived from an already deeply-established approach, viz. Belief in
Allâh, His Messenger and His Book. It was a Belief so rooted in the selves that it managed to stand immune to all powers of injustice and aggression, and could be translated into miracles in the practical
aspects of action and ideology pursuit. That sort of Belief was the real instrument for the Muslims to
record in the annals of history unprecedented breakthroughs. We are also sure that the future will
always remain wanting as regards those great achievements carried out by those great men.
We have already spoken about six Madinese who embraced Islam in the pilgrimage season in the
eleventh year of Prophethood. They promised to communicate the Message of Islam to their townsfolk.
The following year, on the occasion of the pilgrimage, there came a group of twelve disciples ready to
acknowledge Muhammad as their Prophet. The group of men comprised five of the six who had met the
Prophet (Peace be upon him) the year before, the sixth who stayed away was Jabir bin ‘Abdullah bin
Reyab, the other seven were:
1.Mu‘adh bin Al-Harith, Ibn ‘Afra, from Khazraj.
2.Dhakwan bin ‘Abd Al-Qais, from Khazraj.
3.
‘
Ubadah bin As-Samit, from Khazraj.
4.Yazeed bin Tha‘labah, from Khazraj.
5. ‘Al-‘Abbas bin ‘Ubadah bin Nadalah, from Khazraj.
6.Abul Haitham bin At-Taihan, from Aws.
7.
‘
Uwaim bin Sa‘idah, from Aws.
They avowed their faith in Muhammad (Peace be upon him) as a Prophet and swore: “We will not
worship any one but one Allah; we will not steal; neither will we commit adultery, nor kill our children;
we will not utter slander, intentionally forging falsehood and we will not disobey you in any just
matter.” When they had taken the pledge, Muhammad (Peace be upon him) said: “He who carries it
out, Allâh will reward him; and who neglects anything and is afflicted in this world, it may prove
redemption for him in the Hereafter; and if the sin remains hidden from the eyes of the men and no
grief comes to him, then his affair is with Allâh. He may forgive him or He may not.”
THE MUSLIM ENVOY IN MADINAH:
After the Pledge (in the form of an oath had been taken) the Prophet (Peace be upon him) sent to
Yathrib (Madinah) Mus‘ab bin ‘Umair Al-‘Abdari, (May Allah be pleased with him) the first Muslim
‘
ambassador’ to teach the people there the doctrines of Islam, give them practical guidance and make
attempts at propagating the Islam among those who still professed polytheism. As‘ad bin Zurarah
hosted him in Madinah. So prepared was the ground, and so zealous the propagation that the Islam
spread rapidly from house to house and from tribe to tribe. There were various cheerful and promising
aspects of success that characterized Mus‘ab’s task. One day Mus‘ab and As‘ad were on their way to the
habitations of Bani ‘Abd Al-Ashhal and Bani Zafar, when they went into the premises of the latter clan.
There they sat near a well conversing with some new converts. Sa‘d bin Mu‘adh and Usaid bin Hudair,
chiefs of the two clans heard of this meeting, so Usaid approached the Muslims armed with his lance
while the other Sa‘d excused himself on grounds that As‘ad was his maternal cousin. Usaid came closer
cursing and swearing and accused the two men of befooling people weak of heart, and ordered that
they stop it altogether. Mus‘ab calmly invited him to sit saying, “If you are pleased with our talk, you
can accept it; should you hold it in abhorrence, you could freely immunize yourself against what you
hate.” “That’s fair,” said Usaid, pierced his lance in the sand, listened to Mus‘ab and then heard some
verses of the Noble Qur’ân. His face bespoke satisfaction and pleasure before uttering any words of
approval. He asked the two men about the procedures pertinent to embracing Islam. They asked him to
observe washing, purge his garment, bear witness to the Truth and then perform two Rak‘a. He
responded and did exactly what he was asked to do, and then said there was a man (Sa‘d bin Mu‘adh)
whose people would never hang back if he followed the Islam. He then left to see Sa‘d and his people.
Sa‘d could immediately understand that Usaid had changed. To a question posed by Sa‘d, Usaid said
that two men were ready to comply with whatever orders they received. He then managed a certain
situation that provided the two men with a chance to talk with Sa‘d privately. The previous scene with
Usaid recurred and Sa‘d embraced Islam, and directly turned to his people swearing that he would
never talk with them until they had believed in Allâh, and in His Messenger. Hardly did the evening of
that day arrive when all the men and women of that sept of Arabians embraced Islam with the exception of one, Al-Usairim, who hung back until the Day of Uhud. On that day he embraced Islam and
fought the polytheists but was eventually killed before observing any prostration in the way of prayer.
The Prophet (Peace be upon him) commented saying: “He has done a little but his reward is great.”
Mus‘ab stayed in Madinah carrying out his mission diligently and successfully until all the houses of AlAnsar
(the
future
Helpers)
had
Muslims
elements,
men
and
women.
One
family
only
stood
obdurate
to
the
Islamic
Da‘wah
(Call).
They
were
under
the
influence
of
the
poet
Qais
bin
Al-Aslat,
who
managed
to
hold
them
at
bay
and
screen
off
the
Call
of
Islam
from
their
ears
until
the
year
5
A.H.
Shortly before the approach of the following pilgrimage season, i.e. the thirteenth year of Prophethood,
Mus‘ab bin ‘Umair returned to Makkah carrying to the Prophet (Peace be upon him) glad tidings about
the new fertile soil ofIslam in Madinah, and its environment rich in the prospects of good, and the
power and immunity that that city was bound to provide to the cause of Islam.
THE SECOND
‘AQABAH PLEDGE
The next year, thirteenth of Prophethood, June 622 A.D., during the pilgrimage season, over seventy
converts from Madinah came in the trail of their polytheist people to perform the rituals of pilgrimage in
Makkah. The oft-repeated question amongst them was “Isn’t it high time we protect Muhammad
instead of leaving him forsaken, deserted and stumbling in the hillocks of Makkah?”
Shortly after arrival, they conducted clandestine contacts with the Prophet (Peace be upon him) and
agreed to meet him secretly at night in mid Tashreeq Days (the 11th, 12th and 13th days of Dhul Hijja)
in a hillock at Al-‘Aqabah, the last year’s meeting place.
One of the leaders of the Ansâr (Helpers), Ka‘b bin Malik Al-Ansari (May Allah be pleased with him),
gave an account of the historic meeting which changed the whole course of the struggle between Islam
and paganism, he said:
We set out for pilgrimage and struck a rendezvous in mid Tashreeq Days. We were accompanied by a
celebrity and a notable of ours called ‘Abdullah bin ‘Amr bin Haram, who was still a polytheist. We
disclosed to him our intention of meeting Muhammad (Peace be upon him) and exhorted him to join our
ranks and give up polytheism lest he should serve as wood for Hell in the Hereafter. He promptly
embraced Islam and witnessed the serious meeting at Al-‘Aqabah.
That very night we slept with our people in our camps. After a third of the night had elapsed, we began
to leave stealthily and met in a hillock nearby. We were seventy three men and two women Nusaibah
bint Ka‘b from the Najjars and Asma’ bint ‘Amr from Bani Salamah. We waited for the Messenger of
Allâh (Peace be upon him) until he came in the company of his uncle Al‘Abbas bin‘Abdul Muttalib who
(though himself not a Muslim), adjourned us to draw his nephew away from the protection of his own
kindred unless we were fully prepared to defend him even at the risk of our lives. He was the first to
speak:
“O you people of the Khazraj — the Arabs used to call the Ansâr (Helpers) Khazraj, whether from
Khazraj or Aws — you all know the position that Muhammad holds among us. We have protected him
from our people as much as we could. He is honoured and respected among his people. He refuses to
join any party except you. So if you think you can carry out what you promise while inviting him to your
town, and if you can defend him against the enemies, then assume the burden that you have taken.
But if you are going to surrender him and betray him after having taken him away with you, you had
better leave him now because he is respected and well defended in his own place.”
Ka‘b replied: “We have heard your words, and now O Messenger of Allâh, it is for you to speak and take
from us any pledge that you want regarding your Lord and yourself.”
It was a definite stance showing full determination, courage and deep faith to shoulder the daunting responsibility and bear its serious consequences.
The Messenger of Allâh then preached the Faith, and the pledge was taken. Al-Imam Ahmad, on the
authority of Jabir, gave the following details:
The Ansâr (Helpers) asked the Messenger of Allâh about the principles over which they would take a
pledge. The Prophet answered:
1.To listen and obey in all sets of circumstances.
2.To spend in plenty as well as in scarcity.
3.To enjoin good and forbid evil.
4.In Allâh’s service, you will fear the censure of none.
5.To defend me in case I seek your help, and debar me from anything you debar yourself, your
spouses and children from. And if you observe those precepts, Paradise is in store for you.
In another version narrated by Ka‘b, he said:
The Prophet (Peace be upon him) began to speak, recited some Qur’ânic verses, called people unto
Allâh, exhorted them to enter the fold of Islam and concluded saying: “I give you my pledge that you
debar me from whatever you debar your women and children from.” Here Al-Bara’ bin Ma‘rur, caught
him by hand, and said: “Oh yes, we swear by Allâh, Who sent you as a Prophet in Truth, that we will
debar you from whatever we debar our women from. Have confidence in us, O Messenger of Allâh. By
Allâh, we are genuine fighters and quite reliable in war, it is a trait passed down to us from our
ancestors.”
Then ‘Abul Haitham At-Taihan interrupted and said: “O Prophet of Allâh! Between us and the Jews,
there are agreements which we would then sever. If Allâh grants you power and victory, should we
expect that you would not leave us, and join the ranks of your people (meaning Quraish)?” The Prophet
(Peace be upon him) smiled and replied:
l “
Nay, it would never be; your blood will be my blood. In life and death I will be with you and you
with me. I will fight whom you fight and I will make peace with those with whom you make
peace.”
After the negotiations concerning the conditions of allegiance had ended, and all of the audience were
unanimously agreed to ratify it, two men of the early generation of converts who had embraced Islam
in the eleventh and twelfth years rose to their feet to apprise the others of the serious step they were
about to take so that they could give their pledge fully aware of the whole affair and consequently be
ready for the sacrifice they were expected to make. Al ‘Abbas bin Ubada bin Nadlah, in this context,
remarked: “O you people of Khazraj! Do you know the significance of the pact that you are entering
into with this man? You are in fact avowing that you will fight against all and sundry. If you fear that
your property will be at stake or the lives of your nobles will be endangered, then leave him now,
because if you do this after the pledge, it will be degrading for you both in this world and the world to
come. But if you think that you can carry out what you are called upon to do in spite of the loss of
precious lives and property, then undertake this heavy responsibility, and I swear by Allâh, that herein
lies the good of this world and that of the next.”
They replied, “We have already considered the loss of property and the murder of our notables, yet we
pay him allegiance. But what is our reward if we observe all the items of this pact?” The Prophet
replied: “Paradise is in store for you.” Then they asked him to stretch out his hand, and they all
stretched out their hands and took the pledge. Only at that time did As‘ad bin Zurarah come to realize
the people’s readiness for sacrifice in the cause of Allâh.
On the authority of Jabir, who said: “When we started to pay allegiance to the Prophet (Peace be upon
him) , As‘ad bin Zurarah stood up and gave the following short address: “Take it easy people of Yathrib!
We have not covered that long distance except because we have had deep belief that he (Muhammad (Peace be upon him) ) is the Messenger of Allâh. We are already convinced that following him entails
departure from the pagan Arabs even if it were at the risk of our life. Should you preserve in this
course, holdfast to it, and your great reward is placed in the Hand of Allâh, but if you are caught in
fear, I admonish you to give it up just now, and then you would be more excusable by Allâh.”
With respect to the two women, the pledge was taken orally for the Prophet (Peace be upon him) had
never shaken hands with a strange lady.
The Prophet (Peace be upon him) then asked the group to appoint twelve deputies to preach Islam to
their people in Madinah, to shoulder the responsibility of implementing the articles of this pledge and to
guide the respective men of their own tribes in matters relating to the propagation of Islam. The
deputies elected were nine from Al-Khazraj: As‘ad bin Zurarah bin ‘Ads, Sa‘d bin Ar-Rabi‘ bin ‘Amr,
‘Abdullah bin Rawahah bin Tha‘labah, Rafi‘ bin Malik bin Al-‘Ajlan, Al-Bara’ bin Ma‘rur bin Sakhr,
‘Abdullah bin ‘Amr bin Haram, ‘Ubadah bin As-Samit bin Qais, Sa‘d bin ‘Ubadah bin Dulaim and Al-
Mundhir bin ‘Amr bin Khunais. Three others were from Al-Aws: Usaid bin Hudair bin Sammak, Sa‘d bin
Khaithamah bin Al-Harith and Rifa‘a bin ‘Abdul Mundhir bin Zubair. Once again, those twelvemen were
sworn to act as surety over the affairs of their people just as the Christ’s disciples did, and the Prophet
would act as surety over his people, meaning all the Muslims.
Somehow or other, the news of these secret desert meetings with the Madinese leaked out. The
Prophet immediately knew that it was a certain pudgy ugly devil, inhabited in Al‘
Aqabah,
who
discovered their meeting, and he threatened to settle his account with him as soon as possible.
On hearing this, Al‘
Abbas
bin
Nadlah
said
“By
Allâh,
Who
has
sent
you
in
Truth,
we
are
powerful
enough
to
put
the
people
of
Mina
(the
Quraishites)
to
our
swords
tomorrow,
if
you
desire.”
The
Prophet
(Peace be upon him) said “We have not been commanded to follow that course. Now, back to your
camps.” They went back to sleep till morning.
No sooner did Quraish hear of this treaty than a kind of trouble-provoking tumult began to mushroom
in all directions. They realized quite fully that an allegiance of this sort is bound to produce far-reaching
ramifications of direct impact on their lives and wealth. The following day, a large delegation comprising
the leaders and arch-criminals of Makkah set out for the camp of the Madinese to protest severely
against the treaty. They addressed the Madinese: “O people of Khazraj, it transpired to us that you
have come here to conclude a treaty with this man (Muhammad) and evacuate him out of Makkah. By
Allâh, we do really hold in abhorrence any sort of fight between you and us.”
The Madinese polytheists having known nothing about the secretly taken pledge, began to swear by
Allâh and answered in good faith that there was no truth in the report. ‘Abdullah bin Ubai bin Salul, a
Madinese polytheist, refuted their allegations denouncing them as null and void, claiming that his
people would never initiate anything unless he gave them clear orders.
The Medinese Muslims, however, remained silent neither negating nor confirming. The Quraishi
leaders seemed to be almost convinced by the arguments presented by the polytheists, and went back
home frustrated. However, they did not fully acquiesce in the words they heard. They began to
scrutinize the smallest details, and trace the minutest news till it was established beyond a shadow of
doubt that the pact did take place, but that was after the Madinese pilgrims had left Makkah. In a fit of
rage, they pursued the pilgrims but did not succeed in catching hold of anyone except Sa‘d bin ‘Ubadah.
They subjected him to unspeakable tortures, but he was later rescued by Al-Mut‘im bin ‘Adi and Harith
bin Harb bin Omaiya with whom he had trade relations.
That is the story of the Second ‘Aqabah Pledge, later known as the Great ‘Aqabah Pledge, effected in an
atmosphere of love, allegiance and mutual support between Medinese believers and weak Makkan
Muslims. This new spirit of affection, rapport and cooperation could never be attributable to a fleeing
whim, on the contrary, it totally derived from an already deeply-established approach, viz. Belief in
Allâh, His Messenger and His Book. It was a Belief so rooted in the selves that it managed to stand immune to all powers of injustice and aggression, and could be translated into miracles in the practical
aspects of action and ideology pursuit. That sort of Belief was the real instrument for the Muslims to
record in the annals of history unprecedented breakthroughs. We are also sure that the future will
always remain wanting as regards those great achievements carried out by those great men.
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