Monday, December 29, 2014

Complete Solved Trots Paper 5 LLB Part 7


5.     Which statutory provision was challenged in Davies v Health and Safety Executive?

Section 40 of the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974
10. Occupiers' Liability
1.     What is the primary difference between the application of the Occupiers' Liability Act 1957 and the Occupiers' Liability Act 1984?

The 1957 Act applies to lawful visitors and the 1984 Act to those other than visitors.
2.     Is it true that ‘visitors’ for the purposes of the Occupiers' Liability Act 1957 includes users of public or private rights of way?

No
3.     Which statutory provision deals with the specific nature of the duty owed by occupiers to children?

Section 2 (3) (a) of the Occupiers' Liability Act 1957
4.     What is the name of the principle applied to situations in which occupiers have been deemed to allow children to be encouraged on to their land by a particular feature of it?

The allurement principle
5.     Which statute, usually of more relevance to the law of contract, can affect an occupier's liability to affect his own liability?

The Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977
6.     Is it true that the provisions of UCTA apply only to business occupiers?

Yes — private occupiers will be governed by the common law relating to such terms.
7.     What, for these purposes, is a ‘trespasser’?

A person whose presence on land is unknown to the occupier or, if known, is objected to by the occupier in some practical way.
8.     What is the name of the statute enacted in order to balance public access to common countryside with the rights of landowners?

9.     What was the significance of the decision in Gwilliam v West Hertfordshire Hospital NHS Trust?

That occupiers have a duty to inquire as to the insured status of independent contractors on their land.
11. Torts Relating to Land
1.     Name three statutes which add to the forms of trespass available at common law.

·         The Anti-Social Behaviour Act 2003
·         The Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005
·         The Criminal Law Act 1977
·         The Public Order Act 1986 and the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994
2.     The tort of trespass is actionable per se. What does this mean?

It means the tort is actionable without the claimant having to prove actionable damage.
3.     What are the two main differences between the actions of trespass and nuisance?

Trespass is actionable per se, whilst nuisance requires damage to be proven. Trespass concerns direct interference with the claimant's land, whereas nuisance is concerned with indirect interferences.
4.     What sort of interference must the claimant in a nuisance action prove, in relation to his land, in order to succeed?

The interference with his land must have been unreasonable.
5.     What is the primary distinction between private nuisance and public nuisance?

Private nuisance is concerned with interferences with private land and public nuisance with interferences with public land.
6.     In an action for public nuisance, what must a claimant have suffered in order to succeed?

Special damage
7.     What must a claimant have in order to bring a successful claim in private nuisance?

A sufficient interest in the land concerned.
8.     What sort of damage is not recoverable in private nuisance?

Personal Injury
9.     What is meant, in the context of private nuisance, by the concept of hypersensitivity?

A claimant will be deemed hypersensitive if his land is affected only because of a particular vulnerability; where, in other words, a reasonably robust user of land would not be affected.
10. How is the notion of foreseeability relevant to an action in Rylands v Fletcher?

The ultimate damage must have been reasonably foreseeable by the defendant for the claimant to be able to recover for it. The escape need not have been foreseeable. Once that damage is deemed to be foreseeable, no amount of care on the part of the defendant will prevent liability if that damage ensues.
12. Liability for Animals
1.     Who, in this context, is a ‘keeper’?

The owner or the animal or, if the owner is under 16, the head of the household. If the animal is a stray, the keeper will be deemed to be the previous keeper.
2.     What is the nature of the liability in this context?

The liability is strict.
3.     What amounts to a ‘dangerous species’?

One which is not commonly domesticated in the British Isles and which, when fully grown, is likely to cause severe damage.
4.     In terms of a keeper knowing about an animal's unusual characteristics, is constructive knowledge sufficient?

No, it must be actual knowledge.
5.     Can the owner of a parrot which makes defamatory statements be liable for those statements?

Yes
13. Trespass to the Person
1.     What is an assault?

Putting someone in fear of an immediate battery.
2.     What is a battery?

The application of direct physical force to the victim.
3.     What was the definition of false imprisonment given in Collins v Wilcock?

“The unlawful imposition of restraint on another”
4.     What was the ratio of Bird v Jones?

That, for there to be a false imprisonment, the claimant must have had no reasonable means of escape.
5.     In order for behaviour to amount to Harassment under the Protection from Harassment Act 1997, what must the defendant's actions have amounted to?

A course of conduct.
6.     What are the defences to an action in trespass to the person?

Necessity, self-defence, consent, statutory authority and reasonable chastisement.
7.     True or False: the claimant need not have known that he was imprisoned in order to be successful in a claim for false imprisonment?

True
14. Employers Liability
1.     What is the technical term for a duty which an employer cannot assign to anyone else?

A non-delegable duty.
2.     True or False: an employer can be liable for the torts of an independent contractor whom he has employed?

3.     What is an ultra-hazardous activity?

An activity which is inherently dangerous; responsibility for which cannot be delegated.
4.     In which case was an employer held liable for the injury caused to one of his employees by violent customers, when he knew of the risks and the fact that other staff had been assaulted on previous occasions?

Rahman v Arearose
5.     There is a mutual duty between employer and employee implied into every contract of employment. What is it?

A mutual duty of trust and confidence.
6.     Name three of the recent cases concerning employers' liability for occupational stress.

·         Sutherland v Hatton
·         Barber v Somerset
·         Hartman v south Essex Community NHS Trust
·         Eastwood v Magnex Electric plc
15. Product Liability
1.     Why has the regime of product liability developed outside of the realm of contract law?

Because contract remedies are limited to the parties to the contract.
2.     What is the main statue governing this area?

Consumer Protection Act 1987
3.     What is the term used to describe liability under which a claimant can sue all or any of the potential defendants, leaving those defendants to sue one another for their respective contributions?

Joint and several liability
4.     How is a defect in goods defined?

A defective good is one whose safety is not such as “persons generally are entitled to expect, taking into account all the circumstances”.
5.     On whom does the burden of proof lie?

6.     The claimant What is the name of the defence based on the state of scientific or specialist knowledge at the time the product was supplied?

The development risks defence.
7.     What is the limitation period for actions of product liability?

10 years from the date of supply.
16. Vicarious Liability
1.     What is the principal limiting factor on situations in which employers can be vicariously liable for torts committed by their employees?

The tort must have been committed during the course of the employee's employment.
2.     What is the principle, under which a term is implied into contracts of employment that an employee will exercise all reasonable care and skill during the course of his employment?

The Lister v Romford Ice Principle
3.     When might the court be concerned with who owns the tools used by a particular individual?

It is one of the ways in which the court might differentiate between employees and independent contractors.
4.     Which two questions were identified as important in Lister v Hesley Hallfor establishing vicarious liability?

1.    Was the person who committed the tort an employee?
2.    Was the employee acting in the course of employment when the relevant tort was committed?
5.     What is one of the main practical problems with the control test?

In practical terms, many persons who are technically employees (such as doctors) are not in any real sense ‘controlled’ by their employer.
17. Trespass to Goods
1.     What is a trespass to goods?

A “direct, immediate interference with personal property belonging to another person”.
2.     What is a reversionary interest?

This is the interest retained by someone who does not currently have possession of them, or the right to immediate possession, but to whom such rights will revert when the current possessor's interest expires.
3.     What is a conversion?

A “dealing with goods in a manner inconsistent with the rights of the true owner”.
4.     What is the primary statute of relevance in this area?

The Torts (Interference with Goods) Act 1977
5.     Who can sue in conversion?

Only the party currently in possession of the goods, or with the right to immediate possession, (even if this is not the owner).
6.     What might be considered remarkable about the remedies available for conversion?

There is no automatic legal right for the claimant to have the goods returned to him; the general remedy is the market value of the goods. Once this has been paid, the claimant's title is extinguished, effectively facilitating a forced judicial sale of the goods in question.
7.     What happened to the old action of detinue?

It was abolished in name by the Torts (Interference with Goods) Act 1977, but in substance is now covered by conversion.
8.     True or False: contributory negligence is no defence to the tort of conversion?

True
9.     What is trover?

It is the old name for conversion and is sometimes still used.
10. Is intention relevant to the tort of conversion?

Yes
18. Defamation and Other Torts Affecting the Reputation
1.     What are the primary differences between libel and slander?

·         Libel has to exist in some permanent form; slander does not
·         Libel is actionable per se; slander is not
·         Libel can be a crime as well as a tort; slander is just a tort
2.     True or False: only living persons can sue for defamtion?

True
3.     What is meant in this context by ‘publication’?

It means the statement must be communicated to a third party.
4.     In which case was the following definition of defamation offered?
“A statement which tends to lower the claimant in the estimation of right thinking members of society generally…”

Sim v Stretch
5.     What technical term is used to refer to the situation where words are not defamatory on their face, but can be construed as such by people who know the claimant?

Innuendo
6.     What is the material difference between qualified and absolute privilege?

In order successfully to plead qualified privilege, the defendant must prove that the statement was made without malice.

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